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  Designing the IoT System for a Smart Mushroom Growing Environment Building a smart agricultural system involves much more than simply placing sensors inside a room. The sensors need to be selected appropriately, positioned correctly, connected to a reliable monitoring system and integrated with the equipment responsible for controlling the environment. As part of the BRIDGE-AI: Smart Mushroom project, I have been involved in exploring how an IoT-based environmental monitoring system can be implemented within a mushroom growing house. Understanding the Growing Environment A mushroom growing room is essentially a controlled environment. The conditions inside the room need to be monitored because changes in environmental parameters can affect the cultivation process. For our design, we focused on several important parameters: - Temperature - Relative humidity - CO₂ concentration - Light intensity These measurements give the system an understanding of what is happening inside the gro...
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  Agriculture is increasingly becoming a field where technology can make a measurable difference. From monitoring environmental conditions to using data to make better decisions, technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are opening new possibilities for farmers. Recently, I had the opportunity to be part of a project exploring this intersection through BRIDGE-AI: Smart Mushroom. The project brings together IoT, Artificial Intelligence, predictive analytics and agriculture to develop a smarter approach to mushroom cultivation. Why Mushroom Farming? Mushroom cultivation is highly dependent on environmental conditions. Factors such as temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration can significantly influence the growing environment. Maintaining suitable conditions manually can be challenging, particularly for smallholder farmers. This creates an opportunity for technology to assist with monitoring and decision-making. Instead of ...
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  ⚙ ️ The Unsung Hero in Every Device: How PCBs Silently Manage the World   Introduction: The Green Board You Never Consider Have you ever seen that enigmatic green board with sparkly lines and dots when you opened a phone or speaker? A printed circuit board, or PCB, is the unsung hero that gives your devices life. My friend's Bluetooth speaker died last week. There was quiet, no lights, no sound. One small copper line on the PCB had burned off when we opened it. The device died after just one line. PCBs are that important. 1. First, what is a PCB? Consider a PCB to be the electronics equivalent of the nervous system. It ensures that electricity flows by connecting resistors, capacitors, and semiconductors via copper channels known as traces. 2. How Engineers Make PCBs Work Engineers use programs like Altium, KiCad, or Proteus to create boards before you ever see them in person. They ensure that no signal is lost by simulating present pathways and testing conn...
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 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB) Printed circuit boards (PCBs) , also known as printed wiring boards (PWBs) , are sandwich structures made of conductive and insulating layers that are laminated. Each sandwich structure has a pattern of traces, planes, and other features that resemble wires on a flat surface. These features are etched from one or more copper sheet layers that are laminated onto or between paper layers of a non-conductive substrate.   fig1.1 A PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD In an electrical circuit, PCBs are used to "wire" or connect components to one another. In order to mechanically and electrically attach the components to the board, soldering is typically used to attach electrical components to conductive pads on the outer layers. Vias, which are metal-lined drilled holes that allow electrical connections between conductive layers, are added to boards with many sides in a different manufacturing process.  There are different types of PCBS. They include: Single-s...
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